5 Paragraph Essay Topics

<h1>5 Paragraph Essay Topics</h1><p>There are a wide range of sorts of exposition points, however the most well-known are 5 passage paper subjects. The five-section arrangement can work for an article on any theme and you have a wide range of alternatives. Simply set aside some effort to glance around and you will discover a few alternatives that will suit your needs.</p><p></p><p>You could begin your article by utilizing five passage exposition points in a conversation of a theme that you truly love. A few instances of this are weddings, youngsters, the special seasons, and travel. At the point when utilized cautiously, they can assist you with establishing a start, center, and end to your exposition. It is truly up to you how you need to arrange your exposition and the five passage configuration can assist you with that.</p><p></p><p>Also, you could utilize five section article points to address a wide range of theme s. For instance, you could utilize a five section article theme to discuss the upsides and downsides of various kinds of land. On the off chance that you have looked into all the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing or selling land, you may have the option to compose a decent exposition on the point and have the option to spare some time on writing.</p><p></p><p>Another reason that you should seriously think about utilizing five passage article subjects is to assist with organizing your paper. For instance, on the off chance that you needed to cover your preferred subject for that extremely extraordinary paper you are intending to compose for school, you could work your article around the five section group. You would offer a few expressions about your theme and afterward line it up with proclamations that discussion about the central matters in your essay.</p><p></p><p>When you utilize the five-section position, it can assist yo u with talking around a few distinct things without a moment's delay and this is a key piece of the five-passage design. Rather than simply concentrating on one piece of your theme, you can discuss various focuses in a solitary exposition. On the off chance that you need to concentrate on one point specifically, you can likewise concentrate on that in your paper utilizing the five passage format.</p><p></p><p>Remember, whenever you see a comparable theme on a discussion or in a task that you have to complete, it is presumably from an alternate essayist. You should don't hesitate to utilize that design when you compose your own article. This will assist you with keeping away from any written falsification issues and you will likewise have an increasingly proficient look to your essay.</p><p></p><p>So, don't imagine that there is just one arrangement to compose expositions in and there are a wide range of five-passage paper themes out th ere. At the point when you pick your subject ensure you cause a layout to assist you with organizing your paper. This will make your article a lot simpler to compose on the grounds that you will recognize what it is about before you even start composing it. Keep in mind, composing is a procedure that takes practice and you have to work with what you have.</p><p></p><p>As long as you are not befuddled about how to utilize the five-passage design, you ought to have the option to utilize this arrangement to incredible impact in your paper. You probably won't have the option to utilize it with each theme that you compose, however you ought to have the option to begin with it and receive some better than average glancing articles in return. Also, in the event that you can't begin on your five section exposition themes, there are a lot of good assets online to assist you with figuring out how to do so.</p>

What to Do in Your College Essay

What to Do in Your College EssayWriting a college essay is a crucial component of the college experience. You will be asked to write one during the admissions process so it is best to know what to do in your college essay. The topics you should use for the first part of your essay are about your family, your career, and your current situation. Your second part can cover things that you feel strongly about such as how it affected your current life.The first part of your essay should start with some background information. What are you planning to say? You may want to research what colleges are looking for. This way you will have some knowledge to go on before you write your essay. Consider your future goals and the things that motivate you before you begin to write.What is the most important part of your essay? The most important part is the first paragraph. It should establish who you are and why your essay is important. The next two paragraphs should give more specific information a bout you and your family.Writing a college essay is not easy. It requires proper grammar and spelling, but it is easy to forget or not have the skills needed. It takes practice and persistence to get the hang of writing. You can learn the skills to ensure that you are writing a well-written essay.Many students think that just because they are the children of celebrities or are related to big companies, they can write a masterpiece. It takes much more than that. Your background, experiences, and knowledge are all needed to create an effective college essay.Your personality is something that will come through in your essay. There are many different styles of writing that are used incollege essays. Do not expect to sound like a professor. Instead, be confident and be yourself.Many times you will find yourself becoming distracted when writing. The writer must be aware of their surroundings. Stay calm and relax. You may want to have someone read over your essay to make sure that everythi ng is correct.Your family and friends will also be a part of your essay. You should talk about your family members as if they were present. Your essay should be able to stand on its own. If you do not know how to write a college essay, consider hiring a college writing service to help you out.

Easy to Write About Essay Topics That Will Help You Write a Great Article

Easy to Write About Essay Topics That Will Help You Write a Great ArticleIf you have been searching for how to write an essay, you might have landed on this article looking for a simple yet easy solution. There are many easy tips and tricks for writing essays that will help you along the way.You may have spent a great deal of time on your current project, the theme you've chosen, the organization you want to use and a whole lot more. All these things may have been important to you, but perhaps none of them were as important as the way to find information to research for your essay. I'm sure if you know how to find this information you could be writing an essay in no time.Writing is a personal thing for many people. This is a good thing for you, but you must realize that you must use your own expertise to write. When you are writing, keep this fact in mind. If you are writing to impress, you must go all out on your research.I know that is not a very inspiring way to begin, but remembe r that writing is a process and not an easy or free-look article. This means that you must know what you are writing about and how to research to find the information. These are easy to learn techniques and you can learn to do this easily.In order to find essay topics that will be effective for you, you must become a student of your subject. Read up on it and watch videos, listen to audio books and talk to your friends about it. This will give you great ideas on how to write an essay, because they will know how to read an essay and pick out essay topics from your entire body of work. They will also know what needs to be eliminated in an essay and what details you will need to include.Another easy to write about essay topics are the order of events in a story. For example, you may discover that your opening paragraph and your ending paragraph of your story are slightly different, but you still want to convey the same message to your reader. You can include this information when you w rite your essay, so you can make sure that it is understood the same way. It will help you get a better flow will help you to remember the ideas you want to include.You can find many essay topics that fit well into your style and your interests. These easy to write about essay topics are not difficult to find, but you must do some research. Find one or two topic ideas and learn how to incorporate them into your writing.

An Overview Of Collaboration Procurement Construction Essay Free Essays

Procurement is a term which describes the activities undertaken by a client or employer who is demanding to convey about the building or renovation of a edifice. Procurement has great influence on the clip, cost and quality. The made-to-order nature of many building undertakings increases the built-in hazards. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview Of Collaboration Procurement Construction Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now These hazards include finishing a undertaking which does non run into demands, which is delivered late or costs more than the client can pay or fund. All these hazards can impact the client ‘s nucleus concern, earnestly. The procurance scheme developed balance hazards against undertaking aims at an early phase of building. This method of procurance involves the contractor being responsible for design every bit good as building, it can be suited for all clients, including inexperient clients and those necessitating distance from the undertaking and cost certainty and faster path. It is of import at the beginning to guarantee that the field of treatment is clearly defined. One of the jobs that have beset this peculiar country of building research is a deficiency of clear definition. ( rowlison, steve ) As procurance the undertaking squad will be selected. After the undertaking squad has been selected the undertaking can come on through developing initial design work to fixing drawings and paperss to exemplify the undertaking, accomplishing be aftering consent, specifying criterions to be met and apportioning duties. During this period the client ( or undertaking patron or undertaking director ) should guarantee land purchase is completed on clip, if necessary guarantee the design procedure is consistent with the strategic brief, guarantee an internal decision-making system is in topographic point to avoid design holds. Keep the wider client organisation informed set up. An appropriate support model to guarantee payments can be made on clip. Construction stage will come on under the direction of the undertaking director or the undertaking squad. ( online ) Collaborative procurance is non popular but this method is increasing in the worldwide. Collaborative procurance is seen as horizontal coaction between different local governments during one or more stairss in the procurance procedure. In this method contact is made with different little companies with the regard of their forte. Through this procedure many companies take complete equipment and make their ain undertaking. Different advantages can be gained by collaborative procurance in footings of effectivity and efficiency. In this signifier the rate of success depend on the manner of organisation which is used. The collaborative procurance proposals are the manner to utilize the professional purchasing organisation by puting up a different companies in one panel and it drive to greater coordination, consistence and transparence. ( Online ) Partnership may hold somewhat different contents and range so coaction, but the lowest common is that the parties will work as a group jointly in any regard and that the parties must hold assurance in each other. The term collaborative contract, a definition of a collaborative contract is to be controlled by client and contractor and it is besides modulate the regular interaction between the client and a contractor. It besides makes the regular contact with contractor and adviser of different undertakings. Therefore the Collaboration procurance is really of import for multi undertakings. This client will salvage the clip and cost. Quality will besides better by doing contract with all specializers in their ain Fieldss. Method statement Introduction Nahar al-wafa Est. has the expertness and resources to transport out this developing undertaking and welcoming the chance of fall ining the professional squad during pre-tender phase. From our probe program of this undertaking will done on fast path method in the order to supply our clients with the complete contract at earliest possible day of the month together with high quality. Method statement Site constitution: Investigating the site is an of import undertaking ; a study will be done to transport out indispensable pre stamp work. Before the taking the duty of work all the job of bing site must be notified to client ‘s representative. During the probe of site, contact will be made with statutory governments to place the local existing services. Site Adjustment: Contact should be made to allow section sing the possible posing for adjustment. On the site after the completion of slab floor the full adjustment will be installed as followers: Client ‘s demand will stipulate on measure page Nahar AL-wafa Est Accommodation Provision for: undertaking executive building undertaking director, Site Agents, Engineers, Surveyors, General Forman and disposal. Welfare Facilities Canteen, Draying Room, Toilets and First assistance. Extra demand for chief sub contractor ‘s supervising offices and security office will setup on the demand. Site entree During the infrastructure work there is opportunity of hurt. So chief entree should from north gate and south gate should utilize for issue. For lading and droping trim country is available in the site. Materials Distribution In the order to run into the agenda and maximal coverage of site 2 Cranes will be suggested. It is besides suggested to put in the Cranes in early phase so it can be used in sub-structure work. Crain should be topographic point on rain force concrete construction. After doing the floor, riders and goods hoists should be distribute in all floors before taking the Cranes. Infrastructure works: Basement building would make with pilling. It is assumed that pile testing will be carried out to chief contract work with pilling plan. Extra clip for pilling trial will non be granted it is expected that successful pilling contractor would utilize at least three rigs. We have assumed that pre tiring pilling will non be indispensable and the advancement of pilling contractor will non enforce any consequence on other work. For velocity and efficiency, the retaining wall signifiers would be fabricated off site. Concrete universe should transport out with Cranes in the order to salvage clip and money. ( Construction Methods And Planning ) Ace construction: In the order to fast method a carefull survey of model systems is carried out in the relation to rapid advancement. The selected methods showed that it is verified to acquire best consequence in less clip. Aluma system will be used on the land slab which is portion of our strategy. This system can be installed rapidly. It will besides do the building visible radiation weight. For upper slabs we have planned for the usage of winging signifiers. Round signifier work to columns would be manufactured off site in glass reinforced plastic or steel to supply the quality coating required. Distribution of concrete support and signifier work for the frame would be by crane concrete. In the order for rapid building it is suggested to utilize nomadic concrete pumps. It will salvage the clip and cost every bit good. External envelope Due to the wellness and safety ground impermanent fencings barrier must be installed as a frame of building. It is really of import to procure the site. Curtain palisading type and industry is non being specified. Full research is non possible for the design and industry. It is designed harmonizing to the tendency of market. ( Construction Methods And Planning ) Site organisation construction: Organization of this site will be provided by the Nahr Al wafa est company. This company has the directors and technology. In assorted instances they been trained by the company and have established their place on varied undertakings over long periods. Training and employment of local people It is really of import that local people should use after some preparation. The divisional policy is to advance the formal preparation of employees at all degree. Most of these sort of preparations carried out in the houses with to the full equipped developing school. Engagement in external preparation strategies is supported and encouraged the immature people. For senior degree, the preparation is given about direction development. Health and safety: Division has the duties to do guarantee that the employs are working under safe system. The full safeguards measure has been taken and all the staff will non consequence by any operations. ( Construction Methods And Planning ) How to cite An Overview Of Collaboration Procurement Construction Essay, Essay examples

Role of Planning Professionals

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of a planning professional in the creation of a social and spatially just city. A planning professional is described as an individual who works in the field of urban planning and development. The main role of a planning professional is to optimize the effectiveness of the urban community’s land resources, land availability and infrastructure as they perform their duties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Planning Professionals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The duties of a planning professional include formulating plans that will be used in developing and managing urban areas that are undergoing some form of development. Other tasks that the professionals perform include analyzing the compatibility of the land use to economic, environmental and social factors. The role of a planning professional has continued to gain more prominence over the last century as urban planning in cities and urban areas have continued to grow. Urban Planning Urban planning is defined as those activities that are directed towards improving the welfare of a population located in a city or an urban area by creating convenient, reliable and efficient structures that will be used in the present and future time frame (Chang 2010). Urban planning is a management tool used by most governments and countries the world over to deal with effective urbanization and development activities within cities. Despite the fact that urban planning has faced a slow growth since its inception one hundred years ago, a number of countries around the world have adopted innovative approaches that can be used to develop their cities to meet the 21st century planning standards (Fyfe and Kenny 2005). These new approaches include spatial planning in integrating the functions of the public sector to those of regional or local areas, land regularization and management ap proaches, new techniques of master planning, and urban planning techniques that are aimed at producing spatial forms such as compact and urbanized cities (UN-Habitat 2009). The known Spatial planning in a built-up area refers to the systems and designs that are used to sway the distribution of the residents in spaces of various scales. The activities that fall under spatial planning comprise of regional setting up, urban planning and national spatial plans (Cowan 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Urban planning has however faced challenges in the past such as environmental challenges, climate change, demographic problems, land misuse and unavailability, rapid urbanization, shrinking cities, economic challenges, social-spatial changes, changes in governance and noise, air, land pollution (Seto et al. 2007). The most common challenge that affects urban planning and urban profession als are the socio-spatial challenges that arise from new spatial forms and processes that are beyond the control of local authorities. Socio-spatial changes usually affect the functions that take place within cities as they affect the fragmentation and specialization of these functions. There have been notable contrasts in the suburban areas of most cities with tenement zones such as the low income and high-income areas becoming more apparent. These contrasts have emerged as a result of the changing land market, changing uses of land and new policies that govern land use and urban development (Naison and Mangiza 2009). These challenges have slowed down the growth of urban planning over the years, making it difficult for any new developments to take place in the sector. They have also made it difficult for any meaningful progress in urban planning to take place due to their complex nature. So that the field of urban planning can be able to progress and move ahead, specific steps need to be taken to overcome the challenges that threaten urban planning. These steps include addressing the above challenges in the form of a global urban reality that affects all countries and employing the skills, talents and capabilities of professional urban planners (Sclar 2010). The Role of Planning Professionals Urban planning professionals can fall under various categories, which include: real estate developers, transportation planners, metropolitan planners, economic development planners, regional planners, civil engineers, neighbourhood planners and strategic urban planners.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Planning Professionals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban planners usually work for developers or governments that have initiated large scale commercial development projects in the urban setting. In setting up a strategy for development, urban designers have to deem several issues which incl ude things like the zoning codes, land availability, crime in the area, traffic congestion and land sustainability (Hall 2001). Urban professionals play an essential role in the urbanization process, which is characterised to be iterative and dynamic in nature. The scope of their work can be described to be classical articulation where the planning professional’s role mostly deals with presenting a decision-maker with the relevant solutions and courses of action that are important in the planning process. Once the decision-maker approves the solution and sets it out as a policy, the role of the urban professional is to carry out the decision according to the decision maker’s mandate. While performing their duties, planning professionals incorporate the use of methodological and technological expertise to develop plans that will be used in urban planning activities. Methodological and technological techniques are used in defining the problem and formulating appropriate alternatives that would be used to address these problems (Barton et al. 2009). Planning professionals are usually involved in decision-making activities that determine what information will be used in managing the urban development process and whether this information will be presented to the major actors of the process. Once they have made the planning decision, the next stage involves the implementation of the decision. The role of the planning profession in this stage is to exercise judgement and discretion due to the ambiguous nature of the urban planning process and public policy that deals with urban planning. This ambiguous nature is characterised by many uncertainties and rigid policies that are used in formulating urban development plans. The job of the professional becomes essential in this stage because legislators lack the technical know-how to deal with the ambiguous nature of urban planning which inevitably leads to them creating vague and unclear policies (Sclar 2010 ).Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The job of a planning professional is deemed to be technical in nature as they have to translate the development objectives developed by the government into strategies that can be used in urban planning activities. The goal of these strategies is usually to implement the objectives set out by the government that has been designed to meet urbanization and development. According to Bertaud (2010), the most critical role of a planning professional is to set up a framework that will be used in the area that has been identified for development. This framework is usually made up of three components, which include land-use regulations, investments in infrastructure and taxation laws that are related to urban development. The professional planner has first to review the existing regulations on land use, which have been formulated by the government to ensure that the intended development is consistent with those regulations (Bertaud 2010). If there is a need for a new land use regulation, th e planning professional has the task of drafting a new guideline that will meet the requirements of the new development. The new guidelines have to follow the six steps of urban planning which include determining the objective of the urban plan, formulating the strategy, determining the number of inputs and outputs that will be used in the development activity, the outcomes and impact of the program to the area that has been identified for development. When the planner drafts the new regulation, they have to ensure that there is a projection of what the impact of the regulation will be on the intended area’s structure (Bertaud 2010). Planners should always look at what effect the new regulations will have on the market. Many regulations that deal with land use usually have some adverse side effects like for example regulations that require high standards for housing will see the development of objectives that define housing conditions, and the sizes of the buildings (medium, small or large housing). The side effects of such a regulation would see the houses being sold at a higher price in the real estate market, making it difficult for a large number of people to access decent housing. This leads to a situation of overcrowding in the existing houses reducing the standards of housing in the area or city. The planners should also ensure that the new regulations do not affect the density of the area that has been identified for development (Bertaud 2010). Regulations that increase or decrease the density of an area have an impact on the price of the land which could go up or down considerably, thereby affecting the relative worth of the land. For example, imposing a regulation in a low-density area will reduce the price of the land. The adverse effects of these actions will see the planning activities for the city requiring more low-density land for development because of massive demand for low-density areas. A regulation imposed on a high-density area wou ld have the reverse effect of increasing the price of land, but it contributes to the decrease in land availability, which is required for development. The outcomes of such effects will affect the prices of land in the market leading to a situation of instability and uncertainty in formulating urban plans (Bertaud 2010). The other role of planning professionals is to assess the investments that have been made in the existing primary infrastructure. Primary infrastructure is made up of roads, electrical connections, water and gas supply. The investment that has been made on fundamental infrastructure has an impact on the demand and supply of land available for development within a city’s boundaries. The infrastructure will also have an impact on the prices of buildings, or houses that have been developed within the primary infrastructure framework. Planners are therefore charged with the role of understanding the infrastructure of the area that has been earmarked for developme nt (Walton et al. 2005). Infrastructure usually has a double impact on the urban planning as it allows for development to take place in certain piece of land. The double effect of this is that infrastructure influences the supply and availability of houses or buildings. The planners should, therefore, measure this impact with regards to the supply. The other role requires planners to observe the laws of taxation when it comes to urban planning and development. Governments the world over usually impose taxes on land and also on the amount of rent that has been paid for the land. Taxation on land raises enough revenue that will be used by the city planners and municipal council to maintain and sustain the infrastructure found on the land (Kochanowski 2006). The taxation of land has an impact on land use as it determines whether the land will be used by the owner or sold. High land taxes might force some landowners to sell off their land to the city, which will in turn, reform the land for further urban development. Land taxation is therefore seen as an essential tool in ensuring the efficient and effective use of land. The role of the professional planner when it comes to land taxation is to be aware of the effect that these taxes will have on land use. If high taxes lead to the limited use of land, the planner has the task of consulting the relevant authorities to request them to reduce the high taxes so that the land can be properly used (Kochanowski 2006). The same applies to the reverse situation. If the land taxes are low, the land will be disused where unnecessary developments will take place in areas that are not designed for them. Bertaud (2010), therefore notes that all professional planners involved in urban development should focus on the three areas identified; regulations, infrastructure and taxation when they are formulating plans to be used in development. They should also analyse how these three areas affect the spatial development of cities and whether there is room for economic growth. The Role of Professional Planners in Developing Socio-Spatial Cities Spatial planning is the consideration of what can and should happen in a particular region or area. This type of urban planning involves investigating the interaction that takes place when different policies and practices are employed in urban development projects. Spatial planning goes beyond the traditional practices that govern land use in urban areas by setting out strategic frameworks that will be used current and future development activities. Spatial planning extends the work of the professional planner from that of land use management, development of layout plans or formulation of land use regulations to include activities that deal with living conditions or the liveability of certain areas marked for structural development. Spatial planning also attempts to bridge the gap that exists between the economic, social environment and urban development activities making the process of urbanization also to be focused on sustainability. Spatial planning also plays the role of coordinating sectoral policies by creating recognition of the objectives of these policies and how they relate to the economic or social environment (Thompson 2007) The American Planning Association (APA 2010) describes the role of a professional planner in spatial planning as that of researching, designing and developing programs that will be used in urban planning development. Professional planners also have the role of leading public change processes by effecting social change, performing technical analysis of urban areas and educating the general population on urban development planning. While most planners choose specific roles or areas of specialisation in urban development, majority of professional planners practice most or all area of urban planning (American Planning Association 2010). The major role of professional planners as identified by APA is to create a plan that will be used in development activities. These plans are usually based on the objectives, goals, and strategies that have been developed by the municipal council or the city by-laws for urban development projects and activities. Apart from formulating these plans, the professional planners also have the role of implementing or enforcing these plans. They achieve this by coordinating the work of the actual implementers of the plan, such as the construction workers, the developers, or the site contractors. A further task of the professional planner is to carry out field studies on how land is being presently used in a particular area. This is done by performing interviews on the people using the land and also assessing the current structure of the land (APA 2010). The Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS 2010) identifies the role of regional and urban planners to be that of developing short and long term plans that will be used in land management as well as in the revitalization of commun ities based in urban, suburban and local areas. The planners accomplish these activities by helping the local officials to alleviate any social, spatial, economic, or environmental problems that might affect the community and formulating recommendations that will be used in developing the appropriate infrastructure. Professional planners also have the role of providing recommendations that will be used in developing zoning regulations for commercial, public and private land. These recommendations are usually based on forecasts and projections for urban developments in particular areas within the city’s limits. Planners also have the role of promoting the best use of land and land resources amongst community members in a specific area. Professional planners have also been known to perform the role of addressing the environmental, social, and economic problems that affect city dwellers or people that live in an area undergoing certain levels of developments. The plans they form ulate and develop are mostly used for the construction and development of essential community structures such as hospitals, churches and recreational facilities such as gyms or stadiums (BLS 2010). Professional planners also participate in decision-making activities on what natural resources will be used in development activities. These natural resources include land, minerals, rock and soil that are important in urban development projects. If using these resources will prove to be a threat to the natural ecosystem, the planner has the task of informing the developer of these adverse impacts. A number of planners are engaged in activities which are aimed at environmental preservation with their roles and activities mostly being centred on the control of air, water or land pollution, the preservation of land and forest areas, wetland preservation activities, and the conservation of natural habitats or ecosystems (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2010). Professional planners also have the role of drafting relevant legislation that will be used in developmental activities that will address social, economic, or environmental challenges that affect particular communities that live in the urban areas. Planners usually study and analyse the current practices on land use before they develop reports that will be used in urban planning. The information that is usually contained in these reports includes the location, power lines, water supply, gas supply pipes, roads, street lights and other essential amenities that are important for to the area (BLS 2010) The report also analyses the kind of activities or land-use practices that have been exercised on the area under evaluation. With this information, the professional planners try to optimize the land use by formulating plans that will see developments such as buildings or houses being initiated in the area. These plans are usually used as guidelines and blueprints by the people who are responsible for setting up these struc tures. Planners are also involved in rehabilitation activities by examining the current structures in a given urban setting and determining whether there is a need to improve these buildings (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2010). The field of spatial planning has played an essential role in the planning and development of urban areas. The role of professional planners has mostly been relegated to preparing and designing layout plans that will be used to develop towns, cities. Once the developer gets these plans, the work of the planner is seen to be complete until the next developer comes with a new project for development. This limited role has made it difficult for them to plan for spatial and social problems that might arise as a result of land allocations and extensive developments in city areas. Urban professional planners have not been active in searching for new ways that can limit the number of spatial issues that arise due to land disuse and depletion (Wang and Zou 2010). Role of Professional Planners in Developing â€Å"Just† Cities Professional planners have to consider the societal context when they plan for a city. A city is usually identified by the people and therefore, professional planners have to consider the societal characteristics of these people when they create a â€Å"just† city. All the aspects of planning require the professional planner first to understand what a just city is after which they should seek a balance between the city resident’s who are going to be impacted by the development activity and those who are going to benefit. A â€Å"just† city is defined as a city that has equitability in resources and in the number of planning and development activities that take place in the city. Fanstein (2005) defined a â€Å"just† city as one that was democratic, equitable, sustainable and growing. However, planning for a just city that incorporates such values is an elusive and challenging concept. Illib eral majorities might view democracy to be indifferent while the high cost of trying to achieve equitable distribution of resources might create resentment to those forced to give out more. Sustainability might diminish the growth of the city’s population leading to high unemployment rates and an increase in social justice. Professional planners are faced with the challenge of creating a socially â€Å"just† city given the various disparities that exist in society. Planning for a just city also involves incorporating the views of the affected citizens to ensure that the planning process does not discriminate against them. The social inequalities such as crime, different income levels and level of education make it difficult to ascertain the planning outcomes of the urban development process. The role of professional planners in developing a just city is to ensure there is social justice in land use, environmental, economic incentives, technological innovations and loca l resources. Planners should have experience in dealing with disputes that arise as a result of economic disparities as well as resolving environmental and economic equity issues (Campbell 2010). The professional planner’s activities in the recent past have mostly been characterised by downtown developments, freeway planning, public and private partnerships and other urban planning activities that do not add up to equitable planning and development. This has limited their responsibilities when it comes to economic justice and equity. The planner’s role in the present and future context will, therefore, be to reconcile the two aspects by ensuring that there is growth in the economy and that there is equal distribution of resources without degrading the natural ecological system (Campbell 2010). The role of the professional planner in creating a just city will be to arrange the procedures and approaches that will be used in making important decisions by using techniques such as bilingual translation, political pluralism, the developing of market mechanisms and conflict negotiation. Bilingual translation will require the professional planner to relay the necessary economic and environmental information to the affected citizens of urban planning. Campbell (2010) notes that professional planners should use economic and ecological bilingualism to achieve a socio-spatial framework that will be used in urban planning. The role of the planner in conflict negotiation is to reduce the gaps that exist between the economic, social and political environments. Conflict negotiation is essential for a planner in developing a â€Å"just† city as it balances all these environmental contexts. Conflict negotiation and resolution is more likely to be successful when there is a specific dispute that needs to be resolved. The political pluralism approach will require the planner to incorporate political ideologies in their planning approaches to ensure that their vision of a just city includes political frameworks. Market mechanisms are essential for the professional planner as they bridge the gaps that exist in economic disparities and the environmental priorities of the affected groups. The role of a planner in creating a just city will also involve taking into consideration technological improvements such as alternative resources, land use and design, and bioregionalism (Campbell 2010). The importance of developing socially and spatially just cities is to ensure that there is an equitable distribution of economic and ecological resources, to ensure that there is an appropriate use of land and land designs, layouts, to ensure the social aspects of the city’s residents have been taken into consideration and to ensure that everyone benefits from the urban development activities. Developing socially just spatial cities ensures that the difficulties experienced in plan implementation are reduced considerably and there is development of a just, democratic city (Fanstein 2005). Socially and spatially just cities are also important as they reduce ecological devastation on the natural environment and they ensure that there is equal distribution of economic outcomes by considering the views of affected citizens. Socially just cities foster economic growth and justice reducing crime and unemployment levels in these cities. Socially and spatially just cities reduce the variations that exist in tolerance levels, quality of public services, utility infrastructure, the availability of affordable housing, a reduction in economic segregation and a reduction in autonomy. Conclusion Professional urban planners need to recognize the importance of social and spatial planning in urban development projects. This recognition has been referred to as new regionalism because cities, towns and urban areas have been recognised by planners as important spatial units in a globalized world. New regionalism has been seen to be an essential approach in urban planning as it has reduced the level of land misuse and the depletion of natural resources that takes place in areas that are facing urban developments. The role of professional planners is therefore essential in ensuring that new regionalism is achieved in urban planning activities. References American Planning Association (APA) (2010) What is planning? Web. Barton, H., Grant, M., Mitcham, C., and Tsourou, C., (2009) Healthy urban planning in European cities, Health Promotion International Journal, Vol, 24, No 1, pp 91-99. Bertaud, A., (2010) The role of government, urban planners and markets. Web. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (2010) Urban and regional planners, Occupational outlook handbook, 2010-11 Edition. Web. Campbell, S., (2010) Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the  contradictions of sustainable development. Web. Cowan, R., (2005) The dictionary of Urbanism, Tisbury, UK: Streetwise Press Chang, G., (2010) Urban planning and development, Journal of Urban Planning and  Development, Vol. 136, No.3, pp 177-285 Fanstein, S. (2005) Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education  and Research. Vol. 25, pp121–130. Fyfe, N., and Kenny, J., (Eds) (2005) The urban geography reader, Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Hall, T., (2001) Urban geography, 2nd Edition. London, UK: Routledge. Kochanowski, P. S., (2006) Site value taxation in a declining city, American Journal of  Economics and Sociology, Vol, 50, No.1, pp 45-58 Naison, D., and Mangiza, M., (2009) New role of urban planning in a changing  environmental climate. Web. Sclar, E., (2010) Urban professionals in the 21st century: challenges for pedagogy and  professional practice, Columbia, US: Centre for Sustainable Urban Development Earth Institute. Web. Seto, E. Y., Holt, A., Rivard, T., and Bhatia, R., (2007) Spatial distribution of traffic induced noise exposures in a US city: an analytic tool for assessing health impacts of urban plan ning decisions, International Journal of Health  Geographics, Vol. 6, No.24. Thompson, S., (2007) Planning Australia: an overview of urban and regional planning,  Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press UN-Habitat (2009) Planning sustainable cities: policy directions, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Gateshead, UK: MapSet Limited Wang, Y., and Zou, Z., (2010) Spatial decision support system for urban planning: case study of Harbin City in China, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol.136, No.2, pp 147-153 Walton, J. S., El-Haram, M., Castillo, N. H., Horner, R. M., Price, A. D. and Hardcastle, C., (2005) Integrated assessment of urban sustainability, Engineering Sustainability, Vol.158, No.2, pp 57-65 This essay on Role of Planning Professionals was written and submitted by user Jerry Moore to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Timeline for Applying to Medical School

Timeline for Applying to Medical School Although many students succeed in college despite waiting until the last minute to write papers and cram for exams, applying to medical school requires a great deal of time and an early start. The medical school admissions process is a marathon rather than a sprint. If you really want to win a spot in medical school you must plan ahead and carefully monitor your progress. The timeline below is a guide. Be sure to discuss your aspirations with your academic advisor and another faculty of your undergraduate program to ensure that you are on the right track given your unique circumstances. First Semester, Junior Year: Researching Medical Schools and Preparing for Exams As you enter the first semester of junior year in your undergraduate program, you should seriously begin considering if medical school is the right choice for you. Completing your graduate degree and residency programs are going to require a lot of time, concentration, motivation, and dedication to the craft so you should be absolutely certain this is the career path you want to pursue before investing the money and time in applying to medical school.   Once youve determined that you do want to pursue medicine, you should then determine what a  successful application  entails. Review course requirements and ensure that your transcript satisfies these minimums. You should focus on gaining clinical, community and volunteer experience to boost your application as these will set you apart from other applicants. During this time, it is important that you familiarize yourself with the  application process  and review the resources at the  Association of American Medical Colleges  site to gather information about medical schools. You should also find out how your school handles writing recommendation letters for medical school  as well as how to obtain one. For instance, some programs provide a committee letter written by several faculty members who collectively evaluate your potential for a career in medicine.   Finally, you should prepare for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). The MCAT is critical to your application, testing your knowledge of science and basic principles of medicine. Learn about its content and how it is administered.by studying material in biology, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry  and physics and by investing in MCAT prep books. You may also want to take  practice exams that can help you determine your strengths and weaknesses. Remember to register early if you plan to take the first test in January. Second Semester, Junior Year: Exams and Letters of Evaluation As early as January of your junior year, you can take the MCAT and finish off one portion of your application process. Fortunately, you may retake the test through the summer, but as always remember to register early because seats fill quickly. Its advisable that you take the MCAT in Spring, early enough to allow you to retake it if needed.   During the second semester, you should also request  letters of evaluation  either through a committee letter or a specific faculty who will write a personalized letter of recommendation. You may need to  prepare materials  for their evaluation such as your course load, resumà © and extracurricular involvement on and off campus.   By the end of the semester, you should finalize these letters and your list of medical schools you hope to apply to.  Request a copy of your transcript to ensure that there are no errors and that you have taken the range of courses required by all the programs youve chosen. During the summer, you should begin working on the  AMCAS application. It may be submitted as early as June with the first application deadline August 1 and application deadlines continuing through December. Make sure that you know the deadline dates for the schools you choose. First Semester, Senior Year: Completing Applications and Interviews You will only have a few more opportunities to retake the MCAT as you enter the senior year of your undergraduate degree. Once you have a score youre satisfied with, you should complete the AMCAS application and await follow-up from the institutions where youve applied to attend. If medical schools are interested in your application, they send secondary applications that contain additional questions. Again, take time writing your essays and seek feedback then submit your secondary applications. Also, dont forget to send thank you notes to faculty who wrote on your behalf to thank them but also to subtly remind them of your journey and need of their support.   Medical school interviews may begin as early as August but usually take place later in September and continue  into early spring. Prepare for interviews by considering what you may be asked and determining your own questions. As you get ready for this portion of the application process, it may be helpful to have friends or colleagues give you mock interviews. This will allow you a stress-free (relatively) test of how you might handle the real thing.   Second Semester, Senior Year: Acceptance or Rejection Schools will begin notifying applicants of their application status beginning in mid-October and continuing through spring, depending largely on whether or not you have had or will have an interview yet. If you are accepted, you can breathe a sigh of relief as you narrow your choices of schools that accepted you to the one school you will attend.   However, if you are waitlisted, you should update schools about new accomplishments. It is important during this time to check in on the status a few times throughout the end of the semester and especially in the summer. If on the other hand you are not accepted to medical school,  learn from your experience and consider your options and whether to apply again next year. As the semester and your degree program draw to a close, take a moment to relish in your accomplishments, pat yourself on the back and then select the one school that you want to attend. Then, its time to enjoy the summer - classes  begin as early as August.

Pakicetus Facts and Figures

Pakicetus Facts and Figures Name: Pakicetus (Greek for Pakistan whale); pronounced PACK-ih-SEE-tuss Habitat: Shores of Pakistan and India Historical Epoch: Early Eocene (50 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 50 pounds Diet: Fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; dog-like appearance; terrestrial lifestyle About Pakicetus If you happened to stumble across the small, dog-sized Pakicetus 50 million years ago, youd never have guessed that its descendants would one day include giant sperm whales and gray whales. As far as paleontologists can tell, this was the earliest of all the prehistoric whales, a tiny, terrestrial, four-footed mammal that ventured only occasionally into the water to nab fish (We know that Pakicetus was largely landbound because its ears werent well adapted to hearing underwater; in fact the structure of its inner ear is what gives it away as an early cetacean). Perhaps because even trained scientists have a hard time accepting a fully terrestrial mammal as the ancestor of all whales, for a while after its discovery in 1983, Pakicetus was described as having a semi-aquatic lifestyle. (Matters werent helped by a cover illustration on the journal Science, in which Pakicetus was depicted as a seal-like mammal diving after fish.) The discovery of a more complete skeleton in 2001 prompted a reconsideration, and today Pakicetus is deemed to have been fully terrestrial- in the words of one paleontologist, no more amphibious than a tapir. It was only over the course of the Eocene epoch that the descendants of Pakicetus began to evolve toward a semi-aquatic, and then fully aquatic, lifestyle, complete with flippers and thick, insulating layers of fat. One of the odd things about Pakicetus- which you can infer from its name- is that its type fossil was discovered in Pakistan, not normally a hotbed of paleontology. In fact, thanks to the vagaries of the fossilization process, most of what we know about early whale evolution derives from animals discovered on or near the Indian subcontinent; other examples include Ambulocetus (aka the walking whale) and Indohyus.